
The black-breasted leaf turtle (Geoemyda spengleri) is native to woodlands and forests near freshwater streams in Southeast Asia, specifically southern China, northern Vietnam, Laos, and the Ryukyu Islands of Japan. It is one of the smallest turtle species in the world, weighing between 90 and 150 grams and growing to a length of 3 to 4.5 inches. This species is listed as endangered, and while it was once common in the pet trade, it is now harder to find. Bringing a turtle into another country can be a complex process involving coordination with multiple government agencies and adherence to various requirements and restrictions.
What You'll Learn
Black-breasted leaf turtle's native habitat
The black-breasted leaf turtle (Geoemyda spengleri), also known as the Vietnamese leaf turtle or black-breasted hill turtle, is native to Southeast Asia. It is one of the smallest turtle species in the world, weighing between 90 and 150 grams and growing to a maximum length of four to five inches. The species is listed as endangered as of July 16, 2018.
The black-breasted leaf turtle's native habitat is the montane forests of China, Vietnam, and Laos, including the Ryukyu Islands of Japan, the Quang Nam Province of Vietnam, and the southern Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan. They are typically found in unfragmented forests and woodlands near shallow freshwater streams, with a preference for subtropical, tropical moist montane, and wetland forests.
Adult black-breasted leaf turtles seek out shaded areas under canopies, where they can maintain suitable temperatures as low as 40 °F to 90 °F. They require sufficient open space to nest. Their diet consists of snails, leaves, fruits, insects, and possibly crustaceans.
The species is characterised by its small size, black markings on the plastron (underside), and a carapace (shell) that resembles a leaf. The shell has three ridges running down its back, giving it a jagged, leaf-like appearance. This camouflage allows the turtles to blend in with the leaves on the forest floor, providing an advantage when pursuing prey.
The black-breasted leaf turtle is a primarily terrestrial species, and its large eyes with white irises give it an alert and curious expression. The eyes can move independently, a feature that is presumed to aid in hunting. The turtles' feet are partially webbed.
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Importing turtles to the US
The black-breasted leaf turtle (Geoemyda spengleri) is a small, terrestrial, diurnal reptile native to northern Vietnam and southeastern China. It is one of the smallest turtle species in the world, weighing between 90 and 150 grams.
If you are planning to import turtles to the US, there are several restrictions and requirements you need to be aware of. Here is some information on importing turtles to the US:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)
The USFWS is responsible for the importation, trade, sale, and protection of wildlife, including endangered plant and animal species. Some turtles may be listed as endangered species, and therefore, special federal permits may be required for their importation. The USFWS has designated ports for the entry of wildlife, including turtles: Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Dallas/Fort Worth, Honolulu, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York/Newark, Portland, San Francisco, and Seattle.
Turtle Size Restrictions
Live turtles with a shell length of less than four inches and viable turtle eggs may not be imported for commercial purposes. However, individuals can import a small number of these turtles (less than seven) or eggs for non-commercial purposes. The CDC may issue permits for the importation of a larger number of turtles for bonafide non-commercial scientific or exhibition purposes.
Health, Quarantine, and Customs Requirements
All importations of turtles are subject to health, quarantine, agriculture, wildlife, and customs requirements. Turtles must be imported under healthy and humane conditions, with proper arrangements for transportation, including suitable cages, space, ventilation, and protection from the elements.
Prohibited Species
Monkeys and certain primates are prohibited from being imported into the US as pets under any circumstances.
Customs Duties
Dogs, cats, and turtles are free of duty when imported into the United States. Other pets may be subject to customs duty but can be included in your customs exemption if they accompany you and are for personal use, not for sale.
Import Permits and Certificates
Importers and exporters of turtles must obtain clearance from the USFWS. Additionally, certain turtles may require import permits from the USFWS, especially if they are protected under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).
State and Local Restrictions
It is important to check with state, county, and municipal authorities for any local restrictions on importing turtles or other pets into the US. Some states or counties may have specific regulations or requirements that you need to comply with.
Airline Requirements
Different airlines may have varying requirements for transporting pets. It is essential to check with your chosen airline before travelling with turtles to ensure you meet all their requirements, such as health certificates.
Please note that this information is not exhaustive, and specific regulations may vary depending on the species of turtle, the purpose of importation, and the port of entry. It is recommended to consult official government sources and seek guidance from relevant authorities, such as the USFWS and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), for the most up-to-date and comprehensive information on importing turtles to the US.
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Transporting turtles
Research and Planning:
Before embarking on your journey, it is crucial to research the laws and regulations of the country you are moving to. Some countries may have restrictions on importing certain species of turtles, so it is important to ensure that your turtle is legal in the destination country. Additionally, different countries may have specific requirements for importing animals, such as permits or quarantine periods. Reach out to the relevant authorities in the destination country to clarify these details.
Choosing a Transportation Method:
Turtles can be transported by car or plane. If you are travelling by car, ensure that the turtle is transported in a dry box with proper ventilation and cushioning. The box should be opaque and only slightly larger than the turtle to provide a sense of comfort and security. Keep the turtle at a stable temperature, avoiding extreme heat or cold, and make sure it is the last item loaded into the car and the first item unloaded.
When travelling by plane, contact the airline directly to inquire about their policies regarding the transportation of turtles. Some airlines may allow turtles in cargo, while others may have specific requirements for packaging and medical clearance. Be prepared for the possibility of using a separate airline that specialises in transporting animals if your preferred airline does not accommodate turtles. Keep in mind that temperatures at each stopover location must be within a certain range, and this may impact your turtle's ability to travel on specific dates.
Preparing for the Trip:
Whether travelling by car or plane, always ensure that your turtle has up-to-date medical records. Have a veterinarian examine your turtle and provide necessary approvals for travel. If travelling by plane, you may need a medical note from the vet. Additionally, invest in an approved travel kennel or carrier that meets the requirements of the airline. Make sure the setup inside the kennel is safe and comfortable for your turtle.
During the Journey:
If travelling by car, minimise disruptions and keep the turtle in its box throughout the trip. Do not open the box, even if the turtle scratches, as this will only increase its agitation. Maintain a stable temperature inside the car, avoiding direct exposure to air conditioning vents.
If travelling by plane, be prepared for additional challenges. Some sources suggest that turtles are not permitted in the cabin and must be transported as cargo. You may need to use the services of an approved shipper or broker to facilitate the transportation. Keep your turtle in its carrier and inform TSA agents that you have a turtle, allowing them to inspect it separately.
Alternative Options:
If transporting your turtle proves to be too challenging or risky, consider alternative options. Temporary foster homes can be a great solution if your move is only temporary. Reach out to family or friends who may be willing to care for your turtle while you are away. Alternatively, contact a licensed wildlife rehabilitator or a turtle rescue organisation in your area to explore the possibility of temporary placement until you can reunite with your turtle.
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Black-breasted leaf turtle breeding
The black-breasted leaf turtle (Geoemyda spengleri), also known as the Vietnamese leaf turtle or black-breasted hill turtle, is native to the woodlands and forests of southern China, northern Vietnam, and Laos. It is one of the smallest turtle species in the world, weighing between 90 and 150 grams. The species is listed as endangered.
Breeding black-breasted leaf turtles in captivity is challenging. They have a low reproductive rate, laying 1-2 eggs per clutch, with three being an extreme rarity. The eggs are very sensitive to temperature and humidity, and it is difficult to hatch them successfully. In the wild, the reproductive behaviour of this species has not been recorded.
In captivity, providing a suitable environment for breeding black-breasted leaf turtles requires attention to temperature, humidity, and diet. Here are some key considerations:
- Temperature: Maintain temperatures between 68 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit. Fluctuations are acceptable, and the turtles can tolerate a wider range, but extreme fluctuations can impact their health. Lower temperatures (below mid-60s) cause them to slow down significantly.
- Humidity: High humidity levels are crucial. Frequent misting of the enclosure, at least daily, is recommended. A drainage layer will help keep the substrate moist without becoming oversaturated.
- Diet: Offer a varied diet, including live food (earthworms, crickets, snails, slugs, pill bugs), turtle pellets, fruits, and lean meat mixtures. They particularly enjoy over-ripe, red fruit.
When breeding black-breasted leaf turtles, it is important to separate males and females initially. When introduced, males will actively seek out females. The breeding process is ardent but less violent than some other chelonian species.
After breeding, provide females with ample egg-laying spots. They prefer to lay their eggs in humid but not wet mossy areas. Remove the eggs immediately for separate incubation. Incubate at fluctuating room temperatures for at least 70 days. Cooler temperatures extend the incubation period.
It is important to note that the black-breasted leaf turtle is an endangered species, and there are legal and ethical considerations when it comes to their trade and ownership.
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Black-breasted leaf turtle conservation
The black-breasted leaf turtle (Geoemyda spengleri) is one of the smallest turtle species in the world, weighing between 90 and 150 grams. It is native to woodlands and forests near freshwater streams in southern China, northern Vietnam, and Laos. The species is characterised by its black markings and leaf-like carapace.
The black-breasted leaf turtle is an endangered species, listed as such by the IUCN since 2018. It is also listed under the second grade of China's Nation's Top Priority under Protected Wild Animals. However, it does not receive protection under Vietnam's regulations. The species is facing a high risk of extinction due to overexploitation and large-scale habitat alteration, such as logging. They are also targeted by poachers for the pet trade and for medicinal purposes. Conservation efforts for the black-breasted leaf turtle include initiatives by zoos such as the Saint Louis Zoo, which manages the Association of Zoos and Aquariums Species Survival Plan and studbook for this species. The Fort Wayne Children's Zoo also supports the Turtle Survival Alliance, an organisation dedicated to conserving turtle species at risk of extinction.
Breeding black-breasted leaf turtles in captivity is challenging due to their low reproductive rate and sensitivity to temperature and humidity during incubation. Additionally, the species is sexually dimorphic, meaning males and females have distinct physical characteristics. This further complicates breeding efforts as it requires proper identification of sexes.
The black-breasted leaf turtle plays an important ecological role in seed dispersal through its preference for very ripe and decaying fruit. Its diet also includes invertebrates such as insects, worms, and slugs. These turtles are typically solitary and terrestrial, spending their days motionless until they spot potential prey. They have a unique ability to move their eyes independently, enhancing their awareness of their surroundings.
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Frequently asked questions
Bringing a turtle into the US as a pet is extremely unlikely, as US Customs will rarely allow it. You will need an importation permit and proof of entry. It is also very expensive to transport turtles safely.
The scientific name for the black-breasted leaf turtle is Geoemyda Spengleri.
The black-breasted leaf turtle typically weighs between 90 and 150 grams, making it one of the smallest turtle species in the world.