Dogs And Autism: Can Our Pets Be On The Spectrum?

Can dogs be autistic? It's a question that doesn't have a simple answer. While dogs can exhibit behaviours that are similar to those seen in autistic people, there is no recognised diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in canines. Instead, symptoms that resemble ASD are grouped under the term 'canine dysfunctional behaviour' (CDB).

The first reports of autism-like symptoms in dogs came in the 1960s, and in recent years, researchers have continued to explore the possibility of a link between autism and dogs, particularly in Bull Terriers. However, the current consensus is that autism and CDB are two separate conditions with different causes.

While there is no definitive answer to the question of whether dogs can be autistic, pet owners can seek guidance from veterinarians and behaviourists to better understand and manage their dogs' neurodivergent behaviours.

Lack of social interaction

While autism in dogs is not a recognised diagnosis, behaviours similar to those seen in humans on the autism spectrum are grouped under the term "canine dysfunctional behaviour" (CDB). Dogs with CDB may exhibit antisocial behaviours, such as excessive barking, defecating in inappropriate places, or frequently running away from their owner during walks. They may also struggle in crowded areas or when facing boisterous canines at the dog park.

One of the most common causes of antisocial behaviour in dogs is a lack of exposure to new people and places at a young age. Dogs that are not given the opportunity to meet people and other dogs are likely to become timid. They may retreat to another room or a far corner when there are new people around, fold their ears flat against their head, tuck their tail between their legs, refuse to make eye contact, or display inappropriate urination.

Shyness in dogs can be corrected with a lot of love and patience. It is critical that owners invest time in an intensive socialization program during their dog's early weeks, laying the foundation for their behaviour later in life. Owners should also review (and re-review) the training basics, as a dog that can follow commands is a confident dog. It is important not to praise or coddle a dog when it is scared, as this reinforces skittish behaviour. Instead, owners should only praise their dog when it acts confidently.

Owners can also try "people therapy", where a dog-loving friend sits with their back to the dog and holds food treats or the dog's favourite toy in their outstretched hands. The friend should not speak or make eye contact with the dog, but the dog should be praised when it takes a treat or the toy. This can help the dog to relax and feel more comfortable around new people.

Another way to help dogs overcome shyness is to introduce them to other dogs. Dogs who do not trust people can benefit from having other dogs as companions, and a tired, happy dog is often less skittish. It is best to start with dogs that are already known to be trustworthy, rewarding the dog for its polite behaviour in the presence of the other dog, and gradually working up to rewarding the dog for getting closer and closer to the other dog. The best way to do this is to have leashed dogs interact frequently with other leashed dogs.

Obedience classes provide a good opportunity to socialise dogs with other dogs and people in a controlled setting. The more chances a dog gets to meet new friends, the better behaved it is likely to be. If a dog feels too uncomfortable in a class setting with other dogs, owners may want to consider seeking the assistance of a professional dog trainer who specialises in shy dogs.

Repetitive behaviours

Canine repetitive behaviours can range from normal to abnormal and can include a variety of actions such as circling a room, chasing their tails, obsessive teeth grinding, lining up toys or other objects, and obsessive chewing. These behaviours can be distressing for dogs as they are unable to understand why they are engaging in them or how to stop.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in dogs, also known as canine compulsive disorder, is characterised by abnormal repetitive behaviours. These behaviours can interfere with normal behavioural functioning and can be severe enough to impair the dog's quality of life and the dog-owner relationship. Some of the most commonly observed obsessive-compulsive behaviours in dogs include spinning, tail chasing, self-mutilation, hallucinating (fly biting), circling, fence running, hair/air biting, pica (eating non-food substances), pacing, staring, and vocalising.

Several factors have been found to influence the development of repetitive behaviours in dogs. Lack of proper socialisation and mental/physical stimulation are key risk factors. Traumatic experiences, such as abuse or neglect, and genetic predispositions can also contribute. Early intervention and prevention are important in managing and preventing these behaviours. Socialisation helps dogs build confidence and reduces fear, anxiety, and boredom, all of which can lead to repetitive behaviours.

Genetic factors also play a role, with certain breeds having a higher predisposition to repetitive behaviours due to their genetic makeup. For example, working breeds like Border Collies and German Shepherds are known for their high energy levels and intense focus, which can sometimes manifest as repetitive behaviours. On the other hand, breeds like Bulldogs and Basset Hounds are generally less likely to exhibit these behaviours. Environmental factors also contribute, and early socialisation is crucial to helping dogs adapt to changes and new experiences.

Stressful environmental factors, such as noise pollution, lack of social interaction, confinement, and inconsistent routines, can also trigger behavioural problems, including repetitive behaviours. By providing a stimulating and enriching environment, dog owners can help reduce stress and promote more positive behaviours in their pets.

Medical conditions can also be a contributing factor to repetitive behaviours in dogs. Obsessive-compulsive disorder, neurological disorders, and certain types of pain can all trigger these behaviours. For example, dogs with cognitive dysfunction syndrome may exhibit repetitive actions like staring into space, circling, or getting stuck in corners. Additionally, dogs experiencing pain or discomfort may repetitively lick or chew a specific area in an attempt to alleviate the discomfort.

In summary, repetitive behaviours in dogs can be influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, early life experiences, environmental factors, and medical conditions. Understanding these factors is crucial for effective intervention and treatment, and early intervention is important to manage and prevent the development of these behaviours.

Lack of communication

While there is no recognised diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in dogs, they can exhibit behaviours that are considered autistic. These behaviours are referred to as "canine dysfunctional behaviour" (CDB) and can include communication issues.

Dogs with CDB may struggle to express their moods and feelings, and their personalities may appear "flat". They may enter trance-like states, staring in one direction for a long period and avoiding eye contact with humans and other dogs. This can make it seem as if they are unable to look others in the eye.

Communication difficulties in dogs with CDB can also manifest as obsessive-compulsive behaviours, such as repetitive movements and actions like circling a room, chasing their tails, obsessive chewing, or teeth grinding. These repetitive behaviours can be distressing for the dog, as they won't understand why they are engaging in them or how to stop.

Additionally, dogs with CDB may be extremely sensitive to stimuli, such as sudden noises, which can make them rattled or mad. They may also have abnormal sensory responses, struggling to process sensory feedback like smell and taste. This can lead to pacing and anxiety.

The challenges in communication and social interaction that dogs with CDB face can be improved through positive reinforcement training, which keeps the reward circuits functioning in the brain. It is important to be consistent and patient, especially with dogs with CCD, a form of doggy dementia that impacts 14-35% of dogs over eight years old.

While there may be challenges in diagnosing and managing CDB in dogs, understanding their unique needs and providing a supportive environment can help them thrive.

Sensitivity to stimuli

While there is no recognised diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in dogs, they can display traits that humans consider autistic. In veterinary medicine, symptoms similar to autism in humans are referred to as "canine dysfunctional behaviour" (CDB). Dogs with CDB may exhibit inappropriate reactions to stimuli, such as yelping or barking at the slightest touch. They can also be hypersensitive to any kind of stimuli, such as a gentle pet on the head, which can cause them to respond with aggression or fear.

Dogs with CDB may also be very sensitive to sounds. Unfamiliar, surprising, or loud sounds can put them in a state of fear, and they are likely to retreat to a location they find safe, such as under a bed or in a closet. They may also react as if injured or display aggression when overstimulated.

Autistic dogs may also avoid new environments or situations and will often retreat to a familiar, safe space. They can also be highly sensitive to touch, with some dogs not liking to be touched on the head or back. This can be due to an inability to process sensory feedback, such as touch, which can cause anxiety.

Additionally, dogs with CDB may struggle with processing emotions and non-verbal cues, which can lead to difficulty in social situations and communication issues. They may also exhibit obsessive-compulsive behaviours, such as repetitive licking or chasing their tails, which can be distressing for the dog as they are unable to understand why they are engaging in the behaviour.

Inability to adapt to new environments

While there is no recognised diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in dogs, they can display traits that humans consider to be autistic. These traits are grouped under the term "canine dysfunctional behaviour" (CDB). Dogs with CDB tend to avoid new environments or situations, and will often retreat to a safe, familiar space.

Dogs with CDB may struggle with adapting to new environments due to their difficulty in processing sensory information. They can become easily overwhelmed by crowded spaces, loud noises, and other stimuli that may be overwhelming to them. This can lead to increased anxiety and stress, which can further impact their ability to adapt and cope with new situations.

To help dogs with CDB feel more comfortable in new environments, it is important to provide them with a safe and secure space to retreat to. This could be a dog bed, crate, or kennel. It is also beneficial to avoid stressful situations and triggers that may cause anxiety. For example, if your dog is anxious in crowded places, try to avoid busy areas and opt for quieter locations.

Additionally, creating a consistent routine and providing clear schedules can help dogs with CDB feel more secure. Visual supports, such as pictures or text, can be useful for dogs that struggle with communication.

It is also important to be patient and consistent when working with dogs that may have CDB. Positive reinforcement training can be beneficial, as it keeps the reward circuits functioning in the brain. This can help increase their confidence and adaptability in new environments.

By providing support and making adjustments, dog owners can help their dogs feel more comfortable and improve their ability to adapt to new environments.

Frequently asked questions